Human African trypanosomiasis, more commonly called African sleeping sickness, is a parasite transmitted by biological vectors ("Human African trypanosomiasis", 2014). The transmissible infection is caused by the protozoan parasite of the Trypanosoma genus. Transmission to humans occurs through the bite of the tsetse fly. Tsetse flies become infected when they feed on blood containing trypomastigotes from infected humans or animals. The parasite will go through asexual reproduction in the fly's gut, evolving from procyclic trypomastigotes to epimastigotes. They eventually move into the salivary glands of the tsetse fly where they transform into a metacyclic trypomastigote, which is infectious to humans. Fly-to-human transmission occurs when an infected tsetse fly passes metacyclic trypomastigotes contained in saliva into the blood while feeding. These then become trypomastigotes and proliferate in the blood and other body fluids, causing disease (Krafsur, 2008). In Africa, tsetse flies populate the vegetation around rivers, ponds and lakes, and the disease has posed an immediate health and economic problem throughout sub-Saharan Africa. There are two types of protozoan parasitic diseases that infect humans. Trypanosoma rhodesiense East African sleeping sickness is found in areas of eastern and southeastern Africa. Well over 95% of human infections occur in Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi and Zambia. The main reservoir of infection are animals. Livestock are monitored to assess the spread of the disease to uninfected areas where new outbreaks occur. Wild animals are also believed to be responsible for widespread transmission of the virus to outdoor enthusiasts and hunters visiting Africa's wildlife parks. The infection has found the...... middle of paper ......rld Health Organization in collaboration through a private partnership with Sanofi and Bayer AG in endemic countries (World Health Organization, 2014). sleeping sickness is essential in view of the serious natural consequences of the disease and the toxicity of the drugs prescribed during both phases of treatment. A blood sample would be collected to determine if the Trypanosoma rhodesiense parasite is present due to the higher levels of parasitemia found in the blood. As regards Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, it is found via lymph node aspirate due to its lack of presence in the blood. Once the infection is confirmed, it is necessary to take a sample of the cerebrospinal fluid to see if the central nervous system is compromised. This will indicate the stage of the disease and the course of drug treatment used ("CDCParasites - African," 2012).