Throughout history, women in general have been subject to discrimination based on gender. The difficulties and challenges faced by women were based on cultural stereotypes that represented them only as someone's wife or mother, as if they were property. In the patriarchal and male-dominated societies that exist in many, if not all aspects of the world, women continue to be viewed as the “weaker sex” in need of constant support and protection. It is that form of male chauvinism that leads to the abuse, repression and exploitation of women, especially in developing nations and societies. In the United States these beliefs were used to justify the suppression of women's rights for a period of time which prevented them from exercising their supposedly eminent right to vote. Sources initially associated the harshness of gender-based discrimination in the workplace. Jennifer Berdahl (2007) is a professor who studied this issue in her article “Sex-Based Harassment: Welfare State Protection in the Context of Gender Hierarchy.” In her study she focuses on sexual harassment research on the harassment of women by men and how it has been countered. It predicts the levels of harassment of men in the workplace and the behaviors experienced by women. Berdahl (2007) states that, "[results found that] men are considerably less threatened than women...sexual coercion is the most threatening form of harassment...results also showed signs of backlash among men against organizational measures that address sexual harassment and discrimination against women” (p. 657-8). In addition to work-related gender discrimination, Diploye and Colella (2005) have published writings in The Organizational Frontier Series that provide data on issues of discrimination at work and its effects. Throughout the book they touch on multiple aspects of discrimination which include: individual and group levels, age and gender women are treated less favorably than men" (p. 149). Also on the basis of this statement, the authors allow the reader to deduce that they are discriminated against even when favored (harassment). Therefore, it is evident that the manifestation of gender-based discrimination is a problem for many