External factors are those external to the school or classroom, such as Berliner's (2009) 6 "extracurricular factors" which cover health-related factors, such as l 'inadequate medical care or low birth weight due to prenatal influences and other poverty-related factors such as food insecurity, mostly all economic. Another example is Bourdieu's economic, social and cultural capital and his theory of cultural reproduction which states that cultural capital, associated with social class, means being familiar with the dominant culture and using what he called "polite language" ( Bourdieu, 1986 ). Sullivan (2001) confirms and develops Bourdieu's work; his research suggests that cultural capital is passed on from upper-class parents to their children, which in turn influences children's educational attainment. Bourdieu's "cultivated language" argument was introduced earlier by Bernstein (1964) who introduced a "narrow and elaborate code" explaining that the narrow code of the working class, built on implicit language and communication, disadvantages them socially and school while the middle class understands and uses both implicit restricted code and explicit elaborate code as needed and