Despite general agreement on the short-term effects of physical abuse, little research has been conducted on the long-term effects; in a literature review, researchers Robin Malinosky-Rummell and David Hanson (1993) examined the long-term effects of physical abuse in several studies and divided their research into seven different domains: aggressive and violent behavior, criminal behavior non-violent, substance abuse, self-esteem. -offending and suicidal behavior, emotional problems, interpersonal problems and academic difficulties. During literature reviews, they compared rates of abuse history in at least two samples, compared the behaviors of groups with a history of abuse to those of a non-abused sample, and examined designs that assessed the behaviors of a two-person sample. or several different moments in time. In their research on the relationship between physical abuse as a child and aggression and violence as an adult, they found that approximately 30% of physically abused children grow up to abuse their own children. Childhood physical abuse is weakly linked to dating violence in students. colleges, and is linked to spousal abuse for men, but not for women (Rummell & Hanson, 1993). Their research on a relationship between physical abuse and nonviolent criminal behavior showed no relationship, but they found a relationship between substance abuse and abuse; Physically abused individuals tend to have more alcohol-related disorders and abuse drugs and alcohol at a higher rate than their nonabused counterparts (Rummell & Hanson, 1993). According to their review of the literature, physical abuse has also been linked to emotional problems and self-harming/suicidal behavior; no relationship was found between physical abuse and interpersonal relationship