Excretory urography is a time-lapse radiographic study of injectable contrast medium circulating through the venous bloodstream, renal arteries, veins, and tissues until it is filtered and collected inside the kidneys (Lavin, 240). It allows you to measure and evaluate the kidneys and provides morphological information regarding the renal pelvis and ureters (Vaden, 270). Furthermore, intravenous urography is the only procedure that provides primary information on both ureteral morphology and function (Vaden, 270). However, it should be noted that while the urogram is a useful tool for qualitative assessment of renal function, it does not provide quantitative diagnostic confirmation and should not replace other renal function tests (Kirk, 527, Thrall, 556). It is useful for detecting renal mass lesions such as neoplasms, renal cysts, traumatic renal and ureteral lesions, as well as pyelonephritis, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, renal agenesis, hypoplasia, pelvic and ureteral obstructions caused by uroliths and blood clots, renal parasites, ectopic ureter and duplication of the collection system (Kirk, 527, Thrall, 562). there are two phases of a urogram: the nephrogram and the pyelogram (Lavin, 240). The first phase of the urogram, nephrography, is characterized radiographically by the opacification of the renal tissues (Lavin, 240). Conducted immediately after injection of the contrast medium as it begins to distribute throughout the renal vasculature, this study helps evaluate vascular and renal perfusion, demonstrating the vitality and health of the renal tissues (Lavin, 240). A nephrogram of the healthy renal vasculature should become mostly radiopaque within 10 to 30 seconds of injection, and perfusion should… center of paper… renal system (Kirk, 527, Thrall, 556). Works Cited Kirk, Robert W., BS, DVM, Stephen I. Bistner, BS, DVM, and Richard B. Ford, DVM, MS. "Excretory urography". Manual of veterinary procedures and emergency treatment. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1990. 527. Print.Lavin, Lisa M., MBA, CVT. "Chapter 18: Special Procedures." Radiography in veterinary technology. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier, 2007. 240-243. Print.Thrall, Donald E., DVM, PhD. "Chapter 42: The Kidneys and Ureters." Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, 2002. 556-62. Print.Vaden, Shelly L., Joyce S. Knoll, Francis WK Smith, and Larry P. Tilley. "Excretory urography". Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Diagnostic Procedures and Laboratory Tests: Canine and Feline. 1st ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 270-72. Press.