IndexAbstractIntroductionAnticipation/RecognitionInstallation problemOperation problemMaintenance problemDiscussionConclusionAbstractThe need for energy from sources with fewer environmental effects has attracted the attention of scientists and greater interest in investing in the sector of wind farms; which is a solution for electricity generation based on wind energy but these sectors are considered new and carry occupational risks. This paper will present a brief historical review of the development and growth of the wind farm industry and an assessment of the occupational hazards and risks, safety to which wind farm workers may be exposed during installation, operation and maintenance, mainly focusing on the aspects Health-related risks, safety risks of wind farm workers are also provided as well as control measures of these risks and possible corrective-preventive improvement actions, but this sector still lacks adequate information since the wind farm existing is quite new. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct studies on the impact of these work activities on the career and long-term health of all workers entering the wind farm industry. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay IntroductionWind energy is one of the common renewable energies that has a lower environmental impact. However, windmills have been used for at least 3000 years, for purposes as diverse as grain or water pumping; The use of windmills (or wind turbines) to generate electricity began at the end of the 19th century with the 12 kW direct current wind generator built by Charles Brush in the USA and research carried out by Poul la Cour in Denmark; Although there was little interest in using wind energy for electricity generation, one notable development was the 1250 kW Smith-Putnam wind turbine built in the United States in 1941, which had a 53 m steel rotor in diameter, pitch control over the entire span, and flapper blades to reduce loads (Wind Energy Handbook, 2011). The history of the development of the first wind turbines began with Golding (1955), Shepherd and Divine in Spera (1994), recording the 100 kW, 30 m diameter Balaclava wind turbine in 1931 and the Andrea Design pneumatic Enfield 100 kW and 24 m diameter, built in UK in the early 1950s; In this turbine, hollow blades, open at the end, were used to draw air through the tower where another turbine drove the generator; In Denmark, the 200 kW, 24 m diameter Gedser machine was built in 1956, while Electricite de France built a 1.1 MW, 35 m diameter turbine in 1963. In Germany, Professor Ulrich Hutter created several innovative turbines and reading in the 50s and 60s; Despite these technological advances, made by the Electrical Research Association in the United Kingdom, among others, there was little concern about wind generation until the price of oil increased significantly in 1973 (Wind Energy Handbook, 2011). And energy independence is encouraged by global growth in wind capacity (Yue et al., 2001). Furthermore, the costs are cheaper than other renewable energies, for example solar energy (IEA, 2019). Furthermore, wind energy production is usually regionally decentralized and therefore has the potential to promote economic development in various local areas. As a result, many industrialized and developing countries actively support energyrenewable through legislative and policy initiatives (including China, the United States, European Union countries, and many developing countries) (May & Nilsen, 2015). Despite the benefits of generating electricity from wind, negative health effects have been linked to wind farm workers. Wind turbines generate noise that can be classified into a mechanical noise produced by the rotor or gearbox and an aerodynamic noise generated by the turbulent flow of wind near the wind turbine blades; the adverse health effects of wind turbine noise can produce physiological effects, for example anxiety, tinnitus or hearing loss (Abbasi et al., 2015). World Health Organizations have linked noise annoyance to detrimental effects on health-related quality of life (Berglund et al., 1999). This document will look at key health hazards and risks as well as hazards and safety risks that are subtle for wind farm workers. Anticipation/recognition General hazards and risks: There are many problems related to the wind farm. The most frequent types of potential hazards related to wind turbines are related to sound/noise, low frequency sound, infrasound, dust, flickering shadows. Risks: electromagnetic fields, adverse weather conditions; falling/jetting ice. Occupational Risk Assessment (OSRA) methods are commonly used to discover the causes and characteristics of accidents and workplace circumstances in different industries, in order to produce a safe and healthy working environment that ensures sustainability in turbines wind farms, the determination of existing and external sources of danger and the management of risks that have occurred acquire great importance (Gul et al., 2018). Installation problem The installation of wind turbines in the building is a very complex and perhaps highly dangerous phase. Because it covers the basic components, including the foundation and transition piece, and the construction of the wind turbine contains most of the heavy work of the turbine components with the completion of various tasks in rapid sequence, and this represents many problems; It depends on the size of the wind farm despite the number of workers involved in the installation phase; It is therefore essential to consider that installation activities take place in windy areas and that the tops of the turbines are designed to position the blades where the wind blows with greatest force; Work safety implications must be carefully considered throughout the installation phase as a result of exposure to high wind conditions and heights; workers may be exposed to the risk of falling (Webster et al., 2013). Exposure to strong winds can make working at high altitudes even more harmful. During installation, workers may need to access individual sections of the turbine to weld or fit individual sections together, run electrical or other lines, and install or test equipment often at heights greater than 30.5 m (Webster et al ., 2013). For example, one of the construction workers, 19, died after falling 30 meters from the mast of a wind turbine; was working inside the turbine while they were being installed (BBC, 2007). Therefore workers in wind farms should be protected from falls using guardrail systems, safety net systems and personal fall arrest systems (Webster et al., 2013). And one of the most common dangers in this industry is noise which can be defined as unwanted. sound. Wind turbines generate noise which may be mechanical noise produced by the engine or gearbox but,if it works properly, this type of noise coming from modern wind turbines should not be a problem, another noise it can produce is the aerodynamic noise coming from the passage of the wind over the blade of the wind turbine, also, the wind turbine produces an audible range general sound emissions, which includes a number of special audible characteristics (SAC) such as low-frequency noise and tonality, impulsivity, amplitude modulation (Health and Council, 2010). Noise can affect human health and cause hearing loss. (Rogers et al., 2006). Most claims regarding the potential negative acoustic impacts of wind turbines concern low-frequency noise and infrasound; however, according to (Leventhall, 2006) normally low frequency noise is minimal because the infrasound generated by wind turbines is insignificant. Additionally there is a survey of all known published results on wind turbine infrasound which found that new wind turbine designs, where the rotor blades are in front of the tower, produce a low level of infrasound. But (NRC, 2007) notes that low-frequency infrasound (less than 20 Hz) could have adverse effects on human health, but is not yet well understood. Operational problem The number of workers in the operation phase is less than in the installation phase. For example, over 500 people work on site, but an average operational crew consists of two people for every 20 or 30 wind turbines and smaller wind farms may rely on regular visits from regional teams (Webster et al., 2013 ). One of the significant risks facing operational workers is weather and therefore working strategies should take into account national weather information; advice that national meteorological offices can provide to wind farm operators should be taken into account; In Finland, because it is close to the Arctic Circle, climate atmospheres can make it difficult for workers to perform certain tasks, such as operating wind turbines; also to ensure that workers can take appropriate measures to prepare and protect themselves (Webster et al., 2013). Warning about expected weather conditions, such as icing, is constantly provided by the severe weather testing network in Finland (Harsh Weather Testing Network, 2011 ). Ice chips fall or are thrown from the rotor. When ice melts or is shaken off the rotor, this causes a serious problem for workers, particularly operational staff as they work close to the turbines, so when a significant risk is deemed to occur, the following procedures are recommended; stop turbine operation during ice accumulation or apply turbines with special features that prevent ice accumulation or move turbines to safer areas; furthermore, operating personnel should be more aware of the conditions that lead to ice accumulation on the turbine (Morgan et al., 1997). Another dangerous element in the operation of the marine wind farm (offshore park) is the transfer of personnel to the turbines because access to the turbines is only possible by boat or helicopter since the capacity of the turbines depends on the sea state; if the waves increase in magnitude as work is carried out, workers could find themselves trapped in the structure of a turbine (Webster et al., 2013). The transmission platform can accommodate permanent personnel and, in extreme conditions, this fact should be kept in mind when designing for human safety. The need for personnel, which must be based on acentral transmission platform, will increase if operations are moved further from shore and the logistics of moving people ashore become more difficult. Possible design requirements for stationary personnel on transmission platforms in adverse weather conditions should be considered (Webster et al., 2013). A report by the (CMOH, 2010) in Ontario noted potential health risks involving shadow flickering, which occurs when turbine blades rotate in shaded and sunny conditions, however, the CMOH infers this as a risk potential of 3% of people with epilepsy are photosensitive and most turbines rotate at a speed lower than 5-30 Hz, which is the flickering frequency that usually triggers the convulsions. The CMOH also discounts the health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) generated by wind turbines (Webster et al., 2013). However (Rideout et al., 2010) indicate that the low percentage of electromagnetic fields coming from wind turbines does not represent any risk. Maintenance problem After the construction of the tower is finished and working. Numerous maintenance interventions must take place in the vital structure of the tower and the routine maintenance period for a modern wind turbine could take 40 hours per year; however, the problem has to do with the design, especially since the plant can have an expected life of 20 years and there are some parts of the plant, such as gearboxes, that need to be repaired or modified; but nowadays, gearboxes need to be changed after 7 and 11 years of service (Webster et al., 2013). The author also points out the possibility of exposure to health risks at work. It depends on the time spent working and maintaining a wind turbine, the longer the worker spends, the greater the exposure to OSH; Furthermore, due to shortages of skilled workers in some EU countries, workers employed by some of the larger companies may need to carry out maintenance work in several countries, often working away from home for a long time. Maintenance work includes tasks such as lubricating parts, cleaning blades, completely overhauling the generator, repairing electrical control units and replacing components. These can be more repetitive tasks, meaning maintenance technicians become familiar with the risks and procedures of working at heights, interacting with electricity. the industry tends to focus on gearbox failures, as these cause wind turbines to not operate for the longest period. As for gearboxes, there has been discussion about improving their reliability to reduce instances where workers have to carry out maintenance, and new turbine designs are opting for direct drive, which eliminates gearboxes and electrical risks altogether , it appears that passing over the nacelle may pose a risk of injury from sparks and electric shock or even electrocution, especially on smaller, commercial-scale turbines that are not equipped with brakes or stopping mechanisms to prevent accidental starting of the nacelle. turbine during interventions maintenance; it is therefore necessary to identify, block, disconnect and release the energy sources present in wind turbines before maintenance interventions take place (Webster et al., 2013). furthermore, maintenance work around the gondola involves risks associated with moving parts if the gondola rotates, hot parts that cause burns and high voltage cables; If the moving parts of the gears and turbine blades are not properly protected, they will cause serious.