Psychological research and applications have shown that it is not just people with learning disabilities or serious mental illnesses who are susceptible to making false confessions. For a confession to be false, a person must either confess to a crime of which they are completely innocent or exaggerate their involvement in the crime. False confessions can be voluntary or forced. Although it is methodologically difficult to establish the frequency of false confessions, anecdotal evidence such as self-reports and case studies indicates that reported cases are only the “tip of the iceberg”. It appears that young people are particularly vulnerable and often make false confessions to protect others. Standardized psychological tests have been designed to evaluate personality factors such as suggestibility and acquiescence that make some people more vulnerable than others. The reason people make false confessions is typically due to a combination of factors such as psychological vulnerabilities, the nature of detention, and police interrogation tactics. Known cases of false confessions leading to wrongful convictions of innocent people who subsequently spent years in prison represent some of the worst cases of miscarriages of justice in Britain. One such case, that of Engin Raghip of the so-called "Tottenham three", will be discussed in the context of the admissibility of psychological evidence to demonstrate how the judiciary has increasingly come to accept the psychological notion that most people, in under certain circumstances, they are susceptible to making false confessions. To better understand why people confess to crimes they didn't commit, Kassin has...... middle of paper ......expert testimony in evaluating the reliability of contested confessions. The reason people make false confessions is typically due to a combination of factors such as psychological vulnerabilities, the nature of detention, and police interrogation tactics. Standardized psychological tests have been designed to assess personality factors such as suggestibility and acquiescence that make some people more vulnerable than others, but these should never be considered in isolation. Studies indicate that reported cases are just the “tip of the iceberg”. It appears that young people are particularly vulnerable and often make false confessions to protect others. It is not just people with learning disabilities or serious mental illnesses who are susceptible to making false confessions; depending on the context, anyone can do it.