The deciding factor for the future of corporal punishment is evident in the Supreme Court case of Ingraham v. Wright. In 1970, James Ingraham, an eighth grade student at Drew Junior High School was one of the many beneficiaries of corporal punishment doled out by Willie Wright, the high school principal. The rationale behind Ingraham's punishment was that he was slow to respond to his teacher's instructions. As a result, his teacher sent him to the principal's office where, bending over the table, he was given twenty licks with a paddle. The rowing was so severe that, according to Ingraham's doctor, she had to miss weeks of school because of a hematoma on her buttocks. Defined by Merriam-Webster, a hematoma is clotted blood that forms in tissue due to rupture of blood vessels. Later, a ninth-grader at the same school, Roosevelt Andrews, also suffered serious attacks for minor crimes. Principal Wright on two occasions disciplined Andrews for arriving late to a class he was headed to. During the first attack, Andrews was hit with a wooden paddle on the buttocks and arm. This beating deprived him of full access to his injured arm for weeks. In the second punishment, however, more ferocious due to carelessness and lack of official supervision, Andrews was hit from neck to legs. According to Newell (1972), referring to the children's petition of 1669, teachers and administrators have assumed an office they are unable to handle; evidence of mismanagement can be found in corporal punishment. The Florida Association of School Psychologists says Florida state law reveals that corporal punishment is allowed by teachers, but if students are injured by severe beatings you must sue school officials to recover......half of the sheet...Arkansas, most of the children who are physically punished are minorities. Aside from Texas, where there is a large Hispanic composition with higher numbers than any other state, African American students show increasingly higher numbers with paddle. These pro-corporal punishment states have granted leniency to districts that disagree with this form of discipline. According to Durrant and Smith (2011) states are giving parents the choice of whether or not to allow their children to undergo physical punishment. Although the 1980s and 1990s saw a decrease in states supporting corporal punishment, only five states have banned it since then: Rhode Island in 2003, Delaware in 2003, Pennsylvania in 2005, Ohio in 2009, and New Mexico in 2011. Donnelly and Straus (2005) ) suggest that most of the remaining states are located in the southern and southwestern areas of the country.