The next essay will provide a brief overview of the existence of God from René Descartes to Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), examines Descartes's proof of the existence of God. Section (2), explores GW Leibniz's view of the existence of God as well as his attempts to correct the shortcomings of Descartes's proofs. The rest of the essay then examines two other philosophers, David Hume in section (4) and Immanuel Kant in (5), who argue that the existence of God cannot be proven rationally. (1) Being a devout Catholic, Descartes undeniably believed in God. He clearly expresses his faith in the letter of dedication that precedes the Meditations on First Philosophy. Here Descartes writes that we must “believe in the existence of God because it is taught in the Holy Scriptures and, conversely, that we must believe in the Holy Scriptures because they come from God” (Descartes, 1). However, at the beginning of the Meditations, Descartes questions everything, including religion, in the search for absolute certainty. In the Third Meditation he doubts the existence of God before providing his first rationalistic proof of God's existence. In offering the proof, he first questions "if there is a God" (25). However, even as he questions the very existence of God, Descartes maintains his innate idea of God. After some reflection, he concludes that since he has an innate idea of God (which is not fabricated by the mind or derived from the senses), it must be God who endows him with his innate idea. Descartes compares his innate idea of God to “a craftsman's mark stamped on his work” – similar to a stamp that says 'Made by God'. Furthermore, Descartes reasons this way because he exists as a thinking thing and... middle of paper... does not exist to exist. As illustrated above, both Descartes and Leibniz believed that the existence of God could be demonstrated through reason. But Hume and Kant, whom we will discuss later, did not believe that argument or reason could establish the existence of God.(3) David Hume attacks both Descartes' and Leibniz's methodology for establishing the existence of God in the way following: "there is an evident absurdity in claiming to demonstrate a fact, or to demonstrate it with a priori arguments. Nothing is demonstrable, unless the contrary implies a contradiction. Nothing that is clearly conceivable implies a contradiction Whatever we conceive as existing, we can also conceive as non-existent. There is therefore no being whose non-existence implies a contradiction. Consequently, there is no being whose existence is demonstrable.", 79).
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