Of all the technological developments of the modern era, none are as complex as artificial intelligence. The idea that a non-human, artificial entity could go so far as to emulate human behavior is enough to make people shudder. The idea of something so advanced that we won't be able to tell the difference could be even worse. In 1961 Philip Dick wrote Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. It represented a world with these exact characteristics. Artificial intelligence had reached a point of almost perfect human replication. In creating this world, Dick was echoing the speculation and fears about artificial intelligence that had been building at the time. It would then continue to influence those opinions in subsequent years. We need to look at the development of artificial intelligence to put this idea into context. The concept of an intelligent, conscious construct began to emerge in the 1950s and 1960s when several scientists in many fields came together to discuss the possibilities of advanced computer research. The first important step was a scientific conference at Dartmouth College in 1956. Here general concepts and possible research paths on artificial intelligence were outlined. As described in Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, this conference was “the birth of artificial intelligence.” This was mostly a theoretical phase, but the experts present predicted that with a huge investment, working technology could be available within a generation (16). After being officially established, AI research and discovery exploded. Computer programs, a completely new idea, were already overtaking algebra problems and speech recognition. Some could even reproduce English (18). It was clear that artificial intelligence research would be the focus of the paper. Each stage of development increases our dependence and this in turn promotes progress. Androids Dream of Electric Sheep depicted a dark world where artificial intelligences and humanity entered into a form of conflict. Its predictions and ramifications are not easily dismissed and remain true today. We are already seeing AI outperform humans in some fields. IBM's WATSON has surpassed humanity in terms of intellect. It will take some time for him to realize this fact, but it is a milestone nonetheless. We also have artificial “slaves” in the strict sense of the term. Machines do much of the heavy work previously done by humans. Large assembly plants now employ only a few technicians to openly guard computers. Although far from slavery, the process has begun. We too are addicted to the usefulness of machines and the addiction is impossible to cure.
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