Rhode Island, the only state, adopted a new state constitution under which all white men had the right to vote. Tocqueville, a French writer, identified democracy as an essential attribute of American freedom, but democracy was limited. Blacks and women still had low status. Despite the increased democracy in America, blacks were seen as a separate group. The War of 1812 revealed that the United States was not yet a truly integrated nation. “In 1815, President James Madison introduced a government-sponsored plan for economic development that became known as the American System” (Foner P286). This plan relies on a new national bank, tariffs, and federal funding for better roads and canals. However, the Bank of the United States has not regulated currency and lending effectively. The Panic of 1819 upset the political harmony of previous years. Fearful that Spain would attempt to reconquer his colonies, Adams drafted the Monroe Doctrine in 1832. It reflected American nationalism, but “sectionalism seemed to govern domestic politics” (Foner P291. Andrew Jackson was the only candidate in the 1824 election to have national appeal, but none of the four candidates received a majority of electoral votes Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams and helped him win the vote during the age of