Since the Egyptians described diabetes in their manuscripts and Indian doctors identified it around 1500 BC, many discoveries have been made about the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes: new technologies are invented and used in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, type 1 and type 2 diabetes have differentiated over time, numerous research is being conducted to find a lasting solution to this devastating disease. Despite all efforts, type 1 diabetes remains incurable. It still continues to be one of the causes of death. The Genetics Home Reference webpage found type 1 diabetes occurs in 10 to 20 per 100,000 people per year in the United States. By age 18, about 1 in 300 people in the United States develop type 1 diabetes. Globally, the number is increasing by 2 to 5 percent each year. (Genetics Home Reference, 2013) The discussion of this article focuses on the current development of etiology and pathogenesis, treatment of type 1 diabetes, and prospects for new research on type 1 diabetes. Introduction Our body needs energy to carry out its functions correctly. This energy is synthesized from the food we eat. Our body breaks down the food we eat and then builds the materials necessary for the healthy functioning of our body. Glucose, a simple sugar or monosaccharide that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion, is a primary source of energy for living things. (Taber, 2005). Glucose is absorbed by our intestines and distributed by the bloodstream to all the cells in our body. If the glucose intake is greater than necessary, our body stores the excess amount of glucose as glycogen, a chain of glucose. However, if there is a shortage, our body uses what is stored... half the paper... finally heart attack and stroke due to atherosclerosis. Treatment of type 1 diabetes is a lifelong condition that requires lifelong medications and lifestyle changes. One of the treatments is insulin injection. The main goal of treatment is to control blood sugar level and prevent further complications. In addition to insulin, exercise and a healthy diet are important. Another potential hope is islet transplantation. Islets collected from a normal person transplanted into a patient with type 1 diabetes. The cell duplicates and functions just like any other normal cell. Islets are cells found in the pancreas. They produce the hormone insulin which helps our body absorb glucose into the blood. If this research is successful and the treatment is available to everyone, it will give patients relief from taking daily insulin.