The first section was an introduction to the concept of ethics and morality. Morals and ethics were defined and the difference between them was established. Consequentialism is an outcome-based moral choice; it works very similarly to cost-benefit analyses. Common sense is used in reaching conclusions and everyone, including you, is considered equally in the conclusion. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism that uses happiness as the basis for determining whether a choice is good or not. It is important to consider both the quality and quantity of happiness. Utilitarianism fails when the consequences are unpredictable. It also does not take into account whether an action is good or bad, such as stealing or killing. Deontology or Kantianism takes Aristotle believed that to be a good person you had to have intellectual and moral virtues and that good people learned goodness from the people they interacted with. Aristotle also believed that all beings have an innate purpose that they seek to achieve; for man it is the complete development of talents and morals. One problem with virtue ethics is that there is no way to morally make decisions in complex situations; the best way to handle a difficult decision is to ask yourself who your idol would be. If you push that guy, three people will be happy and alive and benefit from your decision, but two people who don't benefit, one will die and the other, you, just won't benefit. Since three people are alive and happy, two unhappy people prevail. So pushing kids is morally right in this case. For deontology, we first need a general principle based on the action you need to perform; “pushing someone is okay” or maybe “killing people is okay”. But the second statement is a consideration of consequences so it doesn't follow the rule. Next we must universalize the statement; Do I want someone to push me? The answer is probably no, which leads to a failed test, which means you're morally obligated to stand there and let things happen. The last one is virtue ethics, which is the hardest to simulate because decisions rely on your role model as an example for the way you choose. If Jesus were our role model, then that means we would probably let this happen because one of the Ten Commandments is about not killing others, so you could just stay there. Or maybe if Spock from Star Trek were your role model, you would push him because “the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few or the needs of the few”.