Madeleine Leininger Madeleine Leininger was born in Sutton, Nebraska. She received a diploma in nursing from St. Anthony's School of Nursing, Denver, Colorado in 1948. She received her bachelor's degree in 1950 from St. Scholastica (Benedictine College) in Atchison, Kansas. In 1954, she earned her master's degree in psychiatric and mental health nursing from the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC. In 1965 he received a doctorate in cultural and social anthropology from the University of Washington, Seattle. Madeleine Leininger was the founder and central leader of transcultural nursing who paid close attention to the systemic study of human care within a transcultural theoretical and practical aspect (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2010). Additionally, she founded the Transcultural Nursing Society, a global organization whose goal was to advance the study and practice of transcultural nursing. Transcultural nursing thinking, cultural care theory, and nursing conservation as the core of nursing developed between the 1950s and 1960s were influenced by her early clinical work. Specifically, Madeleine worked as a clinical mental health specialist in a child guidance center that had mildly disturbed children from diverse cultural backgrounds. The central purpose of the diversity and universality theory of cultural care was to unmask, document, interpret, and elaborate the aspect of cultural care as a synthesized construct (Fawcett, 2002). The main thesis of this theory is that different cultures have different perspectives on caring practice, however there are some commonalities about caring among all cultures in the world (Fawcett, 2002). In her theory, Madeleine states that culture is the broadest and most comprehensive culture. .... half of the document ......if nursing practice continues to face obstacles or barriers related to cultural diversity, including language barriers. Leininger's theory requires nurses to discover the differences and similarities in humanistic culture care. It is also possible to determine particular care constructs of the predominant culture from a holistic perspective. Therefore, it is crucial to discover the ways of life and care patterns of humans or groups. This comparative information about cultural care phenomena is unique because it is a way to get to know people and help these people. The environmental perspective broadens nurses' ability to capture aspects of life and care contexts during practice. The environmental concept in Leininger's theory provides data regarding birth and death rituals in their own environmental context (Leininger & McFarland, 2006).